Feral pigeons, also known as city pigeons or street pigeons, are a common sight in urban environments throughout the United Kingdom. These birds are descendants of domesticated rock pigeons (Columba livia domestica) and have adapted to living in close proximity to humans. Here's an overview of feral pigeons in the UK:

1. Identification:

   • Feral pigeons are medium-sized birds with stout bodies, short legs, and small heads. They typically measure about 29-37 centimeters in length and weigh around 230-380 grams.
   • Feral pigeons have predominantly gray plumage, with iridescent feathers on their necks and wings that can display a variety of colors including green, purple, and bronze. Some individuals may have white patches or markings.
   • These birds have distinctive features such as a white rump, two dark wing bars, and a broad black band on the tail.

2. Habitat and Behavior:

   • Feral pigeons are highly adaptable birds that thrive in urban and suburban environments, including cities, towns, parks, and residential areas. They are often found roosting on ledges, buildings, bridges, and other structures.
   • These birds are social and gregarious, forming large flocks that congregate in areas with abundant food and shelter. They are diurnal and active during the day, foraging for food and engaging in social interactions.
   • Feral pigeons are opportunistic feeders and will consume a wide variety of foods, including grains, seeds, fruits, vegetables, scraps of human food, and food waste. They may also scavenge for insects and other small invertebrates.

3. Reproduction and Life Cycle:

   • Feral pigeons breed throughout the year, with peak breeding activity occurring in spring and summer. They build simple nests made of twigs, leaves, and other materials in protected locations such as ledges, eaves, and tree branches.
   • Female pigeons typically lay one to two eggs per clutch, which are incubated for about 17-19 days. Both parents take turns incubating the eggs and caring for the chicks.
   • Feral pigeon chicks are altricial and are fed a regurgitated substance called pigeon milk by their parents. They fledge from the nest at around 25-32 days of age and become independent shortly thereafter.

4. Interactions with Humans:

   • Feral pigeons are often considered nuisance pests due to their habit of roosting and nesting in urban areas. They can cause damage to buildings, monuments, and vehicles through their droppings, which are acidic and corrosive.
   • Pigeon droppings can also pose health risks to humans, as they may harbor pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Inhalation of dried pigeon droppings or exposure to contaminated surfaces can lead to respiratory problems and infections.
   • Pigeons may also be a nuisance in outdoor dining areas, parks, and public spaces, where they may scavenge for food and compete with other wildlife.

5. Control and Management:

   • Effective pigeon control involves a combination of preventive measures, habitat modification, and population management strategies.
   • Preventive measures may include sealing entry points, installing bird netting or spikes to deter roosting and nesting, and minimizing sources of food and water.
   • Habitat modification may involve reducing shelter and nesting sites by trimming vegetation, removing debris, and sealing off access to roosting areas.
   • Population management strategies may include trapping and relocating pigeons, using chemical repellents or deterrents, and implementing fertility control methods such as contraceptive baits or sterilization programs.

Understanding the behavior, biology, and ecology of feral pigeons is essential for effective pest management and public health efforts. By implementing integrated pest management strategies and fostering community engagement, it is possible to reduce pigeon populations and minimize the risks associated with pigeon infestations in urban environments.